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SPSS Statistic V22 32bit

UNDERSTANDING SPSS AND THE ADVANTAGES OF SPSS

SPSS is a computer program that is used to make statistical analysis. SPSS is published by SPSS Inc.


The first version of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was released in 1968, created by Norman Nie, a graduate of the Political Science Faculty from Stanford University, who is now a Research Professor at the Faculty of Political Sciences at Stanford and Professor Emeritus of Science Politics at the University of Chicago.

SPSS is one of the most widely used programs for statistical analysis of social sciences. SPSS is used by market researchers, health researchers, survey companies, governments, educational researchers, marketing organizations, and so on. In addition to statistical analysis, data management (case selection, file sharpening, creation of derivative data) and data documentation (dictionary metadata included along with data) are also features of the basic SPSS software.

Statistics including basic SPSS software
      1.     Descriptive Statistics: Cross Tabulation, Frequency, Description, Search, Statistics 
           Description Ratio
    2. Bivariate Statistics: Average, t-test, ANOVA, Correlation (bivariate, partial, distance),
           Nonparametric tests
    3.     Numerical Result Prediction: Linear Regression
    4.     Predictions for identifying groups: Factor Analysis, Cluster Analysis (two-step, K-
         means, hierarchical), Discrimination.

Various features in SPSS can be accessed via a pull-down menu or can be programmed with the command language of proprietary syntax 4GL. Programming syntax commands have advantages in the field of reproducibility and complex data manipulation controls and analysis. Connecting the pull-down menu also produces command syntax, although the initial settings must be changed first so that the syntax can be seen by the user. The program can run interactively, or without control using the Production Work Facility. In addition, the macro language can also be used to write commands for subroutines and Python program extensions can access information in data and data dictionaries, then dynamically create program syntax commands.
The Python program extension, which was introduced in SPSS 14, replaces the less functional SAX Basic script, even though SAX Basic can still be used. The Python extension causes SPSS to run any statistics in the free R software package. Since version 14 onwards, SPSS can be set externally via Python on the VB.NET program using the "plug-ins" provided.


SPSS places restrictions on internal file structures, data types, data processing and file matching, which makes programming easier. SPSS datasets have a 2-dimensional table structure in which the row shows cases (such as personal or household) and column sections display measurements (such as age, gender, household income). Only 2 data types are described: numeric and text (string).


All data processing is carried out sequentially on a case by case basis through files. Files can be paired one by one or one by one, but cannot be many per lot.
The graphical user interface has 2 types of displays that can be selected by clicking one of the two buttons at the bottom left of the SPSS window.


The 'Data View' view displays a spreadsheet view of cases (rows) and variables (columns). The 'Variable View' view displays a dictionary of metadata where each row represents a variable and displays variable names, variable labels, value labels, print widths, measurement types and variations of other characteristics. The cells in both displays can be edited manually, allowing for setting file structure and data entry without having to use command syntax.

This is enough for small datasets. Larger datasets, such as statistical surveys, are often made using data entry software, or are entered during computer-assisted personal interviewing, by scanning and using optical character recognition software, or by retrieving directly from an online questionnaire. These datasets are then entered into SPSS.

SPSS can read and write data from ASCII text files (including hierarchical files), other statistical packages, spreadsheets and databases. SPSS can read and write into relational external database tables through ODBC and SQL.

The statistical output has a proprietary file format (file.spo, supports axis tables) which, in addition to the viewer in the package, is provided by a stand-alone reader.
Proprietary output can be converted into text or Microsoft Word. In addition, output can be read as data (using OMS commands), as text, tabulated text, HTML, XML, SPSS datasets or a choice of graphic image formats (JPEG, PNG, BMP, and EMP).



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